A 2022 study by University of Bristol researchers found that, based on the current balance of evidence, using triangulated data from recent population-level cross-contextual comparisons, individual-level genetic analyses and modeling, we do believe, however, that causal claims about a strong gateway effect from e-cigarettes to smoking are unlikely to hold while it remains too early to preclude other smaller or opposing effects. A 2020 study by Colin Mendelsohn and Wayne Hall concluded that claims of vaping serving as a gateway to smoking are unconvincing
[63] [64] The National Institutes of Health, through the National Cancer Institute, determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, throat), esophagus, larynx, and lung." [65] Relative risk for cigar-only smokers of all-cause mortality is 1.02 for 1-2 cigars/day, 1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and 1.17 for 5+ cigars/day
Some of the latest additions to hookah products include electronic hookah products, such as steam stones and hookah pens
Meiutovi-Akhtarieva M, Prasauskas T, iuas D, Krugly E, Keraityt K, Martuzeviius D, Kaunelien V (2019) Impacts of exhaled aerosol from the usage of the tobacco heating system to indoor air quality: a chamber study
Pain and delirium: mechanisms, assessment, and management
