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an effect that was suggested to be associated with the acute increase in oxidative stress [31]

These findings align with broader evidence on , where nicotine exposure is treated as a modifiable risk factor rather than a primary cause

2.20 (CI 1.1-4.9) and 3.56 (CI 1.9-5.50) for periodontal inflammation including gingivitis, gingival recession and periodontal pocketing among tobacco chewers

Secondhand smoke exposure and human health: an umbrella review Shengxin Zhang, Shen Li, Xinggang Yang, Ziyang Cheng, Tong Zhou, Bo Xu, Zhixun Yang, Wenxuan Wu, Hu Liao, Juan Huang, Xuelei Ma Nature Human Behaviour

Kudzu is used in other products like Fully Loaded, and mint leaf is commonly used in other products like Jake's Mint Chew