4.2 Immune modulation: M1/M2 polarization, treg induction, and NF-B suppression Bone regeneration is governed not only by the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells and the functional state of osteoblasts but also by the broader regulatory landscape of the bone microenvironment ( With the advent of the osteoimmunology concept, the traditional osteoblastosteoclast binary model has evolved into a more complex boneimmunevascular regulatory triad ( In metabolic bone disorders such as osteoporosis, immune dysregulation is often a central pathogenic factor
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Ooi et al
To charge RHEB with GTPS (Abcam) or GDP (Sigma-Aldrich), RHEB was first diluted in buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM TCEP, 5 mM EDTA) and then supplemented with GDP or GTPS at a 30-fold molar excess
