A 2025 study directly challenged this in -cells, finding that cAMP/PKA/ERK signaling is diffusely distributed across the cell regardless of internalization kinetics, and that fast-internalizing agonists are paradoxically less efficient drivers of insulin secretion from perfused rat pancreata (Chen et al., 2025)
daytime activity and nighttime rest were determined based on activity diaries filled by the patients
Limited human research examined melatonin metabolites and clock-gene expression rather than clinical sleep outcomes
The Trulicity design improves convenience, particularly for anyone with needle-phobia, and raises the bar for effective GLP-1 agonist delivery we think many will start taking GLP-1 as a result of the launch
Gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, constipation, heartburn, diarrhea, and bloating can occur