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1 Introduction Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and the foremost contributor to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), affecting nearly half of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients ( Traditional therapy for DKD is mainly aimed at controlling blood glucose, levels blood pressure, and blood lipids, supplemented by anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic therapies as well as lifestyle interventions ( As one of the most essential symbiotic ecosystems in the human body, the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism, immune regulation, and the maintenance of epithelial barrier homeostasis ( 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Animals and grouping design All mice for the experiment were obtained from Nanjing Universitys Model Animal Research Center, including seven-week-old male diabetic C57BL/KSJ db/db mice and littermate control db/m mice
Kim W, Egan JM
Applying ice for 1-2 minutes before injection can numb the area and reduce needle insertion pain
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